{"id":68,"date":"2026-03-13T16:02:27","date_gmt":"2026-03-13T16:02:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/doga-bilimlerinin-shakespearei-humboldtun-hikayesi\/"},"modified":"2026-10-09T21:59:21","modified_gmt":"2026-10-09T21:59:21","slug":"doga-bilimlerinin-shakespearei-humboldtun-hikayesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/doga-bilimlerinin-shakespearei-humboldtun-hikayesi\/","title":{"rendered":"Do\u011fa Bilimlerinin Shakespeare\u2019i: Humboldt\u2019un Hik\u00e2yesi"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00d6yle bir bilim insan\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ki, W. Wordsworth ve S. T. Coleridge gibi \u015fairler: \u201cO olmasayd\u0131, do\u011fa kavram\u0131n\u0131 \u015fiirlerimize katamazd\u0131k\u201d itiraf\u0131nda bulunsun. J. W. v. Goethe: \u201cOnunla birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn ge\u00e7irmek, bir ka\u00e7 y\u0131l ya\u015famak gibidir\u201d benzetmesini yaps\u0131n. Amerika\u2019n\u0131n en sayg\u0131n yazar\u0131 H. D. Thoreau: \u201cHem bir \u015fair hem de bir do\u011fac\u0131 nas\u0131l olunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ondan \u00f6\u011frendim. O olmasayd\u0131, Walden isimli otobiyografim \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 bir kitap olurdu\u201d desin. G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019y\u0131 \u0130spanyol s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011finden kurtaran S. Bolivar ise: \u201cO yenid\u00fcnyan\u0131n k\u00e2\u015fifidir\u201d desin.<\/p>\n

Ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u00f6vg\u00fclere ilave olarak, bu bilim insan\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc (14 Eyl\u00fcl 1869) t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada co\u015fkuyla kutlans\u0131n; Moskova\u2019da ona \u201cbilimlerin Shakespeare\u2019i\u201d denilsin, \u0130skenderiye\u2019de onun \u015ferefine havai fi\u015fekler at\u0131ls\u0131n. Kutlamalar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ABD\u2019de yap\u0131ls\u0131n ve sokak ge\u00e7itleri, \u015fatafatl\u0131 ak\u015fam yemekleri ve konserler verilsin. ABD Ba\u015fkan\u2019\u0131 da kutlamalara kat\u0131ls\u0131n. New York Times onun i\u00e7in: \u201c\u00dcn\u00fc i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir milletin hak talep edemeyece\u011fi bir adam!\u201d ifadesini kullans\u0131n. D\u00fcnyada pek \u00e7ok an\u0131t, park, cadde, kasaba, da\u011f, nehir, \u015felale, g\u00f6l, k\u00f6rfez, buzul, ak\u0131nt\u0131 ve \u00fcniversiteye onun ismi verilsin. Hatta 1860 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD\u2019nin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Nevada eyaletine isim verilirken, eyalete az kals\u0131n onun ismi verilecek olsun. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne biliyor musunuz; bug\u00fcn Kaliforniya eyaletinin hemen do\u011fusunda Humboldt eyaleti olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ve sonra i\u015fler birden bire de\u011fi\u015fsin; Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 patlak versin. ABD ve Avrupa\u2019daki toplumlarda Prusya\/Alman milletine kar\u015f\u0131 olumsuz hisler olu\u015fsun. Bunun bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 olarak, Prusya-Alman k\u00f6kenli bu bilim insan\u0131na da cephe al\u0131ns\u0131n. ABD\u2019nin Cleveland eyaletinde Almanca kitaplar ate\u015fe verilirken, bu bilim adam\u0131n\u0131n eserleri de ya yak\u0131ls\u0131n ya da k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerde tozlanmaya terk edilsin. Ve bu bilim adam\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerindeki toz perdesi ancak, do\u011fumunun 250. Y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde, 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda, biyografisinin, tarih\u00e7i Andrea Wulf taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lmas\u0131yla kalkabilsin. O zaman bu bilim adam\u0131n\u0131n ismini a\u00e7\u0131klama zaman\u0131 geldi. Bu bilim adam\u0131; Alexander von Humboldt\u2019tan ba\u015fkas\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT \u2013 <\/strong>Varl\u0131kl\u0131 ve sayg\u0131n bir Prusyal\u0131 aristokrat ailede d\u00fcnyaya gelen Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), dokuz ya\u015f\u0131nda m\u00fc\u015ffik babas\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder. Sonras\u0131nda o ve iki ya\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u011fabeyi Wilhelm, kendilerine hi\u00e7 de yak\u0131nl\u0131k g\u00f6stermeyen ve resmi ve so\u011fuk davranan annelerinin elinde b\u00fcy\u00fcrler. Annelerinin bin bir s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131 alt\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcyen karde\u015fler, s\u00fcrekli maske takar ve yaln\u0131zl\u0131k duygusu i\u00e7inde ya\u015farlar. Sonunda karde\u015fler kendi d\u00fcnyalar\u0131na \u00e7ekilir; Wilhelm kitaplara s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131rken, Alexander Berlin\u2019de renkli ve g\u00f6rkemli a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n aras\u0131nda gezinir ve Berlin botanik bah\u00e7esinde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tropik palmiyeleri do\u011fal ortamlar\u0131nda g\u00f6rmeyi hayal eder.<\/p>\n

Wilhelm von Humboldt hukuk okurken, Alexander von Humboldt G\u00f6ttingen \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde fen, matematik ve yabanc\u0131 diller, Hamburg Ticaret Akademisi\u2019nde finans ve ekonomi ve Dresden Madencilik Akademisi\u2019nde madencilik okur. Di\u011fer yandan, a\u011fabeyi ile birlikte, Berlin\u2019de felsefe okuma gruplar\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r. Unutmayal\u0131m ki, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f; Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Alexander von Humboldt (bundan sonra Humboldt olarak an\u0131lacakt\u0131r), yirmi iki gibi gen\u00e7 bir ya\u015fta maden m\u00fcfetti\u015fi olarak i\u015f hayat\u0131na at\u0131l\u0131r ve annesinin o \u00e7ok istedi\u011fi evlad\u0131n\u0131 devletin y\u00fcksek kademelerinde g\u00f6rme iste\u011fi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. K\u00f6m\u00fcr, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, alt\u0131n ve tuz madenlerinde denetimler yapan Humboldt, \u00fclkesinde binlerce kilometre yol kat eder.<\/p>\n

Yirmi be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131nda (1794) maden denetimlerine bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine ara veren Humboldt, Berlin\u2019in 240 kilometre g\u00fcney bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki Jane\u2019de ya\u015fayan a\u011fabeyini ziyarete gider. A\u011fabeyi onu oradaki \u00fcnl\u00fc \u015fairler Schiller ve Goethe ile tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. D\u00f6rd\u00fc birlikte botanik, kimya, Galvanizm, zooloji ve volkanlar \u00fczerine g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc sohbetler yaparlar. O kadar \u00e7ok ses \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rlar ki, sabaha kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7evrelerindeki evlerin \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131 bir bir yanar ve evlerin pencereleri a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r ve \u201cacaba ne oluyor?\u201d diye konu\u015fmalar\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n

Yirmi yedi ya\u015f\u0131nda (1796) annesinin vefat\u0131yla kendini zincirlerden bo\u015falm\u0131\u015f gibi hisseden Humboldt, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 dola\u015fma ve bilimsel g\u00f6zlem ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler yapma iste\u011fi ile dolup ta\u015far. Kaptan James Cook\u2019un ikinci d\u00fcnya seyahatine kat\u0131l\u0131r ve bir Alman do\u011fa bilimciye arkada\u015fl\u0131k eder. Bu arkada\u015fl\u0131k onun do\u011fay\u0131 ke\u015ffetme ve macera ya\u015fama tutkusunu k\u00f6r\u00fckler.<\/p>\n

\"Do\u011fa<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ve \u0130ngilizce dillerinde Humboldt\u2019un Biyografisi: Do\u011fan\u0131n Ke\u015ffi\u00a0(Foto\u011fraf: S. Yeg\u00fcl)<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyay\u0131 De\u011fi\u015ftiren Seyahat (1799\u20131804)<\/strong> \u2013 Kolonilerinde kimselere seyahat etme izni vermeyen \u0130spanya Kral\u0131, Humboldt\u2019un arac\u0131 bulma ve ikna etme yetene\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda daha fazla dayanamaz ve izni verir. Humboldt, 30 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u0130spanya\u2019dan Latin ve G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019daki \u0130spanyol kolonilerine do\u011fru be\u015f y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek (1799-1804) bir seyahate \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu seyahatte, \u0130spanya\u2019dan hareketle Kanarya Adalar\u0131, Venez\u00fcella, Caracas, Amazonlar, K\u00fcba, Ekvador, Lima, New Meksico, Washington D.C. rotas\u0131n\u0131 izler ve tekrar \u0130spanya\u2019ya d\u00f6ner. Seyahati s\u0131ras\u0131nda do\u011fadan bitki, hayvan, ta\u015f ve maden \u00f6rnekleri toplayan ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler yapan Humboldt, kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 insan topluluklar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda da notlar al\u0131r. Seyahatinin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda sadece \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm ve g\u00f6zlemlere odaklanan Humboldt, sonraki y\u0131llar\u0131nda duygular\u0131n\u0131 da not etmeye ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

\u0130spanya\u2019ya var\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan sonra, toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6rnek ve tuttu\u011fu not ve \u00e7izimlerden hareketle pek \u00e7ok makale, mektup ve kitap kaleme alan Humboldt, \u00fcretti\u011fi bilimsel bilgiyi bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131yla payla\u015f\u0131r ve bir anda bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n merkezi haline gelir.<\/p>\n

Modern \u00c7evre Biliminin \u0130lk Kavramlar\u0131<\/strong> \u2013 Humboldt, Venez\u00fcella\u2019da Valencia G\u00f6l\u00fc etraf\u0131nda koloni \u00e7iftliklerinin \u00e7evreye verdi\u011fi y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkiyi g\u00f6zlemler; ormans\u0131zla\u015fma, erozyon ve insan kaynakl\u0131 iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini ilk dile getiren bilim insan\u0131 olur. Humboldt, k\u00f6leli\u011fi de ele\u015ftirir. Humboldt\u2019un bu ele\u015ftirileri Simon Boluvar\u2019\u0131 etkiler ve b\u00f6ylece G\u00fcney Amerika \u00fclkelerinin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck m\u00fccadelesinin fitili ate\u015flenmi\u015f olur. Ancak bu ele\u015ftirilerden \u0130ngilizlerin de haberi olur ve Humboldt Hindistan\u2019a seyahat etmek istedi\u011finde \u0130ngilizlerden izin vermezler.<\/p>\n

Bir Da\u011f T\u0131rman\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve Bilimsel Devrim \u2013<\/strong> Humboldt ekibiyle birlikte, Latin ve G\u00fcney Amerika seyahati esnas\u0131nda o g\u00fcn i\u00e7in d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en y\u00fcksek da\u011f\u0131 olarak bilinen Ekvador\u2019daki Chimborazo da\u011f\u0131na t\u0131rman\u0131r. Y\u00fckseklere t\u0131rmand\u0131k\u00e7a bitki t\u00fcrlerinin de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini fark eden Humboldt, ayn\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimi Alplerde de g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hat\u0131rlar ve bug\u00fcn \u201cy\u00fcksekli\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 bitki t\u00fcrleri de\u011fi\u015fimi ya da bitki zonlar\u0131\u201d olarak bilinen olgunun tan\u0131mlamas\u0131n\u0131 yapar. Bu do\u011frultuda \u201ck\u00fcresel\u201d teriminin ilk kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 Humboldt olur.<\/p>\n

Humboldt, y\u00fcksek bilgi sentezleme yetene\u011fi sayesinde, yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki her \u015feyin birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 ve ya\u015fayan devasa bir organizma ondu\u011funu fark eder ve bu organizmaya \u201cCosmos\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verir. \u0130ngiliz bilim adam\u0131 J. Lovelock, ayn\u0131 \u201cdevasa organizma\u201dya daha sonra \u201cGaia\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verecektir. Humboldt, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar pek \u00e7ok makale, mektup ve kitap yazar. Ku\u015fkusuz en \u00f6nemli eseri d\u00f6rt ciltten olu\u015fan \u201cCosmos\u201ddur.<\/p>\n

Humboldt\u2019un Bug\u00fcne Uzanan Etkisi<\/strong> \u2013 Humboldt\u2019un biyografisinde \u201cbitki zonlar\u0131\u201d ifadesini g\u00f6r\u00fcr g\u00f6rmez, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Orman Fak\u00fcltesi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na devam ederken (1985-86), ilgili \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyeleri \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde t\u00fcm s\u0131n\u0131f arkada\u015flar\u0131mla Bursa, Uluda\u011f\u2019a yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bilimsel gezi akl\u0131ma geldi. Ara\u00e7larla Uluda\u011f\u2019\u0131n eteklerinden zirveye do\u011fru arac\u0131m\u0131zla yol al\u0131rken t\u00fcm \u00f6\u011frenciler bitki, \u00f6zellikle a\u011fa\u00e7 t\u00fcrlerindeki de\u011fi\u015fimi merakl\u0131 g\u00f6zlerle izlemi\u015ftik. Ancak o y\u0131llarda \u201cbitki zonlar\u0131\u201d tan\u0131mlamas\u0131n\u0131n Humboldt taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda haberdar de\u011fildim.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer yandan, 1970\u2019lerden bu yana d\u00fcnya \u00e7evre g\u00fcndeminden hi\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015fmeyen \u201cinsan kaynakl\u0131 k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi\u201d olgusunun ve her ak\u015fam televizyon hava durumu programlar\u0131nda izledi\u011fimiz \u201c\u0131s\u0131 ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 e\u011frileri\u201dnin de yine ilk kez Humboldt taraf\u0131ndan dile getirildi. Dahas\u0131, bug\u00fcn \u00e7evre ile ilgili pek \u00e7ok kitap, makale ve s\u00f6yle\u015fide s\u0131kl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u201cdo\u011fa\u201d, \u201cekosistem yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u201d, \u201cb\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl yakla\u015f\u0131m\u201d ve \u201cdisiplinler aras\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u201d gibi terim ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri de ilk dile getiren yine Humboldt. Son olarak Humboldt\u2019un, do\u011fay\u0131 alg\u0131lamada do\u011fa edebiyat\u0131 ve resimlerinin \u00f6nemini ilk vurgulayan yine o.<\/p>\n

Humboldt\u2019un biyografisini okumay\u0131 bitirdi\u011fimde, \u00fcniversitelerimizin do\u011fa bilimleri b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde \u00f6\u011fretilen pek \u00e7ok temel bilginin Alexander von Humboldt taraf\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k 225 y\u0131l \u00f6nce s\u00f6ylenmi\u015f olmas\u0131, beni ger\u00e7ekten \u00e7ok \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtt\u0131. Dolay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla, \u201cDo\u011fa Bilimlerinin Shakespeare\u201di unvan\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten hak etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeden edemedim.<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Andrea Wulf, Do\u011fan\u0131n Ke\u015ffi, 2019, Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yazan:<\/strong> S. Serdar Yeg\u00fcl<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00d6yle bir bilim insan\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ki, W. Wordsworth ve S. T. Coleridge gibi \u015fairler: \u201cO olmasayd\u0131, do\u011fa kavram\u0131n\u0131 \u015fiirlerimize katamazd\u0131k\u201d itiraf\u0131nda bulunsun. J. W. v. Goethe: \u201cOnunla birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn ge\u00e7irmek, bir ka\u00e7 y\u0131l ya\u015famak gibidir\u201d benzetmesini yaps\u0131n. Amerika\u2019n\u0131n en sayg\u0131n yazar\u0131 H. D. Thoreau: \u201cHem bir \u015fair hem de bir do\u011fac\u0131 nas\u0131l olunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ondan \u00f6\u011frendim. [\u2026]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":71,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_flxseo_title":"Do\u011fa Bilimlerinin Shakespeare\u2019i: Humboldt\u2019un Hik\u00e2yesi","_flxseo_desc":"Goethe\u2019den Thoreau\u2019ya pek \u00e7ok isme ilham veren do\u011fa bilimci Humboldt\u2019un hayat\u0131, yolculuklar\u0131 ve do\u011faya b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bak\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerine bir yaz\u0131.","_flxseo_focus":"","_flxseo_noindex":false,"_flxseo_image":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-68","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-makaleler"],"lang":"tr","translations":{"tr":68},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=68"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":752,"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68\/revisions\/752"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/71"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=68"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=68"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=68"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}