{"id":30,"date":"2026-08-07T11:55:07","date_gmt":"2026-08-07T11:55:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/yosemitenin-sesi-john-muir\/"},"modified":"2026-10-09T21:59:17","modified_gmt":"2026-10-09T21:59:17","slug":"yosemitenin-sesi-john-muir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/yosemitenin-sesi-john-muir\/","title":{"rendered":"Yosemite\u2019nin Sesi: John Muir"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yazan:<\/strong> S. Serdar Yeg\u00fcl<\/p>\n

Dijital platformda yay\u0131mlanan ve ba\u015frollerini Eric Bana ve Sam Neill\u2019in payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Untamed<\/em> dizisinde Yosemite Milli Park\u0131\u2019n\u0131n o muhte\u015fem g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini (El Capitan, Gelin Duva\u011f\u0131 ve Yar\u0131m Kubbe) izledi\u011fimde hemen akl\u0131ma do\u011fa yazar\u0131 John Muir geldi. ABD\u2019de milli parklar\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak an\u0131llan Muir, b\u00fcy\u00fck kayal\u0131klara, \u015felalelere ve b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u011fa\u00e7lara; Spirit\u00fcalizmin Kaleleri, Sekoya Abidesi ve Sierra Katedrali gibi <\/em>isimler vermi\u015f, do\u011fan\u0131n sadece bir manzaradan ibaret olmay\u0131p, toplumsal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve manevi de\u011ferlerinin de bulundu\u011funu vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Gelin, John Muir\u2019i yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131yal\u0131m!<\/p>\n

\"Yosemite\u2019nin<\/p>\n

Yosemite Milli Park\u0131nda; El Capitan (Solda), Gelin Duva\u011f\u0131 \u015felalesi (sa\u011fda), Yar\u0131m Kubbe (orta ileride)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0130sko\u00e7ya\u2019dan Amerika\u2019ya Uzanan Yol \u2013 <\/strong>\u0130sko\u00e7ya\u2019da dindar bir ailede do\u011fup b\u00fcy\u00fcyen John Muir (1838-1914), 11 ya\u015f\u0131nda ailesiyle birlikte ABD\u2019ye (Wisconsin) g\u00f6\u00e7 eder. Daha \u00e7ocuk ya\u015fta yaban hayat\u0131na ilgi duyan Muir, arazilerinin hemen yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda bulunan, \u00e7ok sevdi\u011fi ve Tanr\u0131n\u0131n bizzat korudu\u011funa inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir korulu\u011fu \u00e7itle \u00e7evirir ve \u00e7iftlik hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n girmesini engeller.<\/p>\n

Babas\u0131 Daniel Muir, dini g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini korumas\u0131 i\u00e7in John Muir\u2019i okula g\u00f6ndermez, dahas\u0131 kutsal kitab\u0131 ezberlemesi i\u00e7in onu zorlar. T\u00fcm bu zorlamalar, Muir\u2019in gelecekte yazaca\u011f\u0131 eserlerin diline de etki eder. Muir, kutsal kitab\u0131n dilini, kutsal do\u011fan\u0131n betimlemesinde kullan\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin eserlerinde da\u011flara, tepelere ve b\u00fcy\u00fck kaya par\u00e7alar\u0131na; Spirit\u00fcalizmin Kaleleri, Maneviyat\u0131n Kaleleri, Sekoya Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131, Sekoya Abidesi, Sierra Katedrali<\/em> ve Katedral Kayal\u0131klar\u0131<\/em> gibi isimler verir.<\/p>\n

Muir ergenlik y\u0131llar\u0131nda uzun saatler tarlada \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra arta kalan zaman\u0131n\u0131 babas\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 matematik kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 okuyarak ge\u00e7irir; \u00f6\u011fle paydoslar\u0131nda bile \u00f6nce kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 okur, daha sonra yeme\u011fini yer. K\u0131\u015f g\u00fcnlerinde ak\u015fam saat 8\u2019de yatan Muir, sabahleyin erkenden kalkarak kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 okumaya devam eder. Muir, bilime ilgi duyar; evlerinin bodrum kat\u0131nda deneyler yapar, bulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 Wisconsin Fuar\u0131\u2019nda sergiler ve \u00f6d\u00fcller al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

22 ya\u015f\u0131nda (1860) Wisconsin \u00dcniversitesinde botanik ve jeoloji okuyan Muir, \u00fcniversitede ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi iki bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u0130ndianapolis\u2019te bir araba fabrikas\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. \u0130\u015finde olduk\u00e7a ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olan Muir\u2019in, bir i\u015f kazas\u0131 ge\u00e7irir ve g\u00f6zleri g\u00f6rmez olur. Muir, g\u00f6rmeyenlerin d\u00fcnyas\u0131na ad\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 atar atmaz, do\u011fal g\u00fczellikleri ne kadar \u00e7ok sevdi\u011fini ve onlars\u0131z yapamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark eder ve bir karar verir. E\u011fer bir g\u00fcn g\u00f6zleri iyile\u015fir de g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flarsa, yaz-k\u0131\u015f ve ya\u011fmur-\u00e7amur demeden do\u011fada gezecek ve do\u011fal g\u00fczellikleri doyas\u0131ya seyredecektir. Bir s\u00fcre sonra Muir\u2019in g\u00f6zleri g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

\"Yosemite\u2019nin<\/p>\n

Yosemite \u015eelalesi<\/em><\/p>\n

Amerika\u2019y\u0131 Y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek Ge\u00e7mek <\/strong>\u2013 29 ya\u015f\u0131nda (1867) y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek iki y\u0131ll\u0131k bir yolculu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar Muir, yolculu\u011fu esnas\u0131nda not defterine; yolculu\u011funun Kaliforniya\u2019da bitece\u011fini, tek ba\u015f\u0131ma ve yaya olarak Meksika K\u00f6rfezini y\u00fcr\u00fcyece\u011fini, \u00e7antas\u0131nda alaca\u011f\u0131 bitki \u00f6rnekleri i\u00e7in bir kutu bulundu\u011funu ve kendini k\u0131\u015ftan ka\u00e7an ve G\u00fcney\u2019e inen ku\u015flar gibi hissetti\u011fini yazar. Niyetinin G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019ya da ge\u00e7erek Amazon nehrinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan itibaren G\u00fcney Amerika ormanlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcmek oldu\u011funu ve koca nehri salla ge\u00e7erek Okyanusa varmak istedi\u011fini yazan Muir, ancak \u00e7ok az paras\u0131 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7in G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019ya ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in gemiye binemedi\u011fini ve Florida\u2019da yakaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 hastal\u0131k nedeniyle de kendisini pekiyi hissetmedi\u011fini de dile getirir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak Muir, 1600 km\u2019lik Kentucky-Florida aras\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek, Florida-(Panama)-San Francisco aras\u0131n\u0131 deniz yoluyla ve 300 km\u2019lik San Francisco-Yosemite aras\u0131n\u0131 ise yine y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek tamamlar.<\/p>\n

Uzun y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc boyunca m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca \u015fehirlerden uzak duran Muir, k\u0131rsal ve ormanl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerden y\u00fcr\u00fcmeye gayret eder. San Francisco-Yosemite etab\u0131nda, Kaliforniya Merkez Vadisi\u2019ne olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek bir ge\u00e7itten bakan ve heyecanlanan Muir, g\u00fcne\u015fin adeta g\u00f6kten yere inerek vadiyi saf bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k g\u00f6l\u00fcne \u00e7evirdi\u011fini ve bu \u0131\u015f\u0131k g\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn \u015fimdiye kadar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc alt\u0131n bah\u00e7elerinin en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Bu alt\u0131n bah\u00e7elerini yukar\u0131dan ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lan bir salona ya da bir tap\u0131na\u011fa benzetir.<\/p>\n

Yosemite ile \u0130lk Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fma<\/strong> \u2013 Kaliforniya Merkez Vadisi\u2019nin en \u00fcnl\u00fc ve en kolay ula\u015f\u0131labilir kolu Yosemite Vadisi\u2019dir ve bu Vadi\u2019de pek \u00e7ok \u015felale, kayal\u0131k, \u00e7ay\u0131r, orman, batakl\u0131k, g\u00f6l ve b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u011fa\u00e7lar\/Sekoyalar bulunmaktad\u0131r. 1868 y\u0131l\u0131 ilkbahar\u0131nda Vadi\u2019ye ula\u015fan John Muir, Yosemite\u2019de g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc e\u015fsiz g\u00fczellikler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda sevin\u00e7le; \u015fimdiye kadar duydu\u011fu ve okudu\u011fu hi\u00e7bir cennet tasvirinin Yosemite kadar g\u00fczel olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, da\u011flar\u0131n ve vadilerin \u00e7i\u00e7eklerle kapl\u0131 oldu\u011funu, \u00e7i\u00e7ekler aras\u0131nda kaybolurcas\u0131na dola\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ayaklar\u0131n\u0131n onu g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yere gitti\u011fini s\u00f6yler. Devamla Muir: \u201cTepelere \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p etraf\u0131 seyrettim. Kar\u015f\u0131mda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm manzara, hayat\u0131mda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm en g\u00f6rkemli manzarayd\u0131. Do\u011fa sanki sevdiklerini kendine \u00e7ekiyor, onlarla g\u00fcven dolu ba\u011flar kuruyor ve bunun i\u00e7in en de\u011ferli hazinelerini bu da\u011f malik\u00e2nesinde bir araya getiriyordu\u201d der (1).<\/p>\n

Muir, Yosemite Vadisi\u2019nin dereleri i\u00e7in: \u201cEn s\u0131cak havalarda bile, sanki sevin\u00e7le hayk\u0131r\u0131yorlarm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrler; f\u0131\u015fk\u0131ran sular\u0131n\u0131 alk\u0131\u015f gibi birbirine \u00e7arparak kanyonlardan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru, beyaz yelelerini savurarak co\u015fkun bir g\u00fc\u00e7le yar\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar; devasa, uykuda olan kayalar\u0131 uyanmaya, danslar\u0131na ve \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131na kat\u0131lmaya zorlarlar; b\u00f6ylece co\u015fkulu korolar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcrler\u201d der (2).<\/p>\n

Vadi\u2019nin y\u00fcksek kesimleri i\u00e7in de Muir\u2019in s\u00f6yleyecekleri vard\u0131r. Yaz geldi\u011finde vadinin y\u00fcksek kesimlerine \u00e7\u0131kan, y\u00fckseklerin bitki, hayvan ve yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u015fekillerini tan\u0131yan ve y\u00fckseklerden vadiye bakmaya bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc doyamayan Muir, kendisini sanki ibadet ediyor ve Tanr\u0131yla ileti\u015fim kuruyor gibi hisseder.<\/p>\n

Koruma Fikrinin Do\u011fu\u015fu <\/strong>\u2013 Muir Vadi\u2019nin y\u00fcksek kesimlerinde, otlayan evcil hayvan s\u00fcr\u00fclerinin topra\u011f\u0131n bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcne zarar verdi\u011fini, topra\u011f\u0131n ya\u011fmurla s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi\u011fini, Sierra\u2019n\u0131n o g\u00fczelim a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n zengin olmak isteyen kimseler taraf\u0131ndan kesilip sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ormanlar\u0131n tarla ya da otlak a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in yak\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n k\u0131sa vadeli ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in do\u011fay\u0131 istedikleri gibi tahrip ettiklerini g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bu g\u00f6zlem ve incelmeleri sonucunda Muir, \u00fclke insan\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6ylesine tahrip edici olmas\u0131n\u0131, do\u011fa sevgisindeki eksikli\u011fe ba\u011flar. Muir\u2019e g\u00f6re t\u00fcm bu sevgi eksikli\u011fi, insanlar\u0131n kendilerini yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n merkezine koymalar\u0131, kendilerini \u201cTanr\u0131 \u0130nsan\u201d olarak g\u00f6rmeleri ve di\u011fer t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131n \u201cya\u015fam haklar\u0131n\u0131\u201d g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmelerinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Muir, varolu\u015fta hi\u00e7bir unsurun di\u011fer unsurlara g\u00f6re ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na inanmaktad\u0131r. Ona g\u00f6re insan, do\u011fan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde bir varl\u0131k de\u011fil, do\u011fan\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r ve do\u011fadaki canl\u0131lar da insan\u0131n \u201carkada\u015flar\u0131\u201dd\u0131r. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerden hareketle Muir, do\u011fal alanlar\u0131n oldu\u011fu gibi muhafazas\u0131n\u0131 (preservation)<\/em> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini geli\u015ftirir ve bu alanlara insanlar\u0131n m\u00fcdahale etmemesini ister.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fan\u0131n \u0130yile\u015ftirici G\u00fcc\u00fc<\/strong> \u2013 Muhafaza<\/em> edilen do\u011fal alanlar\u0131n<\/em> insanlar\u0131n ruh sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve end\u00fcstrile\u015fme ve l\u00fcks d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden kurtaraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da vurgulayan Muir, bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini Amerikan toplumuna duyurmak i\u00e7in yaz\u0131lar yazar, konu\u015fmalar yapar ve ulusal kampanyalar d\u00fczenler. Muir\u2019in t\u00fcm bu \u00e7abalar\u0131 y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde meyveleri verir ve Amerikan toplumu Muir\u2019in muhafaza <\/em>d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini benimser. Bunun bir i\u015fareti olarak, ABD\u2019de Yosemite, Sequoia, Grand Canyon ve Petrified Forest gibi milli parklar\u0131 da i\u00e7ine alan Milli Parklar Sistemi kurulur. 1890 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yosemite Vadisi milli park olarak ilan edilir. 1912 y\u0131l\u0131nda Muir, gezginler ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00e7\u00fcler i\u00e7in Yosemite<\/em> (2) isimli bir rehber kitap yazar. Muir 1892 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sierra Kul\u00fcb\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc kurarak Amerikan toplumuna ve bilhassa gen\u00e7lere muhafaza <\/em>d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini a\u015f\u0131lamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Sierra Kul\u00fcb\u00fc bug\u00fcn de faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n

\"Yosemite\u2019nin<\/p>\n

John Muir<\/em><\/p>\n

Muir\u2019in Miras\u0131<\/strong> –<\/strong> B\u00fcy\u00fck kayal\u0131klara, \u015felalelere ve b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u011fa\u00e7lara; Spirit\u00fcalizmin Kaleleri, Sekoya Abidesi ve Sierra Katedrali gibi <\/em>isimler vererek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yolculu\u011funa ba\u015flayan Muir, do\u011fan\u0131n sadece bir manzaradan ibaret olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na, toplumsal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve manevi de\u011ferlerinin de bulundu\u011funa i\u015faret eder ve sonunda do\u011fal ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131n muhafazas\u0131<\/em> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine ula\u015f\u0131r. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, ABD\u2019de Milli Parklar Sistemi\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131yla eyleme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Muhafaza<\/em> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131l\u0131r ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de milli parklar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131nda etkili olur (https:\/\/www.tarimorman.gov.tr\/DKMP\/Menu\/27\/Milli-Parklar<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Dilerseniz yaz\u0131y\u0131 yine Muir\u2019in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleriyle bitirelim: \u201cDa\u011flara \u00e7\u0131k ve verecekleri iyi haberi al. Do\u011fan\u0131n huzuru, ayn\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u011fa\u00e7lara akt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, i\u00e7ine akacak. R\u00fczg\u00e2rlar\u0131n taze nefesi, f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131n enerjisi i\u00e7ine esecek, kayg\u0131lar\u0131n da sonbahar yapraklar\u0131 gibi d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcp gidecek.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/h2>\n

(1) William O. Douglas, A\u011fa\u00e7lar Ka\u00e7amaz (\u00dcnl\u00fc Do\u011fasever John Mu\u0131r’in Ya\u015fam \u00d6yk\u00fcs\u00fc 1838-1914), Redhouse Press, 1978.<\/p>\n

(2) Muir, John; The Yosemite<\/em>, Martino Fine Books, 2017.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yazan: S. Serdar Yeg\u00fcl Dijital platformda yay\u0131mlanan ve ba\u015frollerini Eric Bana ve Sam Neill\u2019in payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Untamed dizisinde Yosemite Milli Park\u0131\u2019n\u0131n o muhte\u015fem g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini (El Capitan, Gelin Duva\u011f\u0131 ve Yar\u0131m Kubbe) izledi\u011fimde hemen akl\u0131ma do\u011fa yazar\u0131 John Muir geldi. ABD\u2019de milli parklar\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak an\u0131llan Muir, b\u00fcy\u00fck kayal\u0131klara, \u015felalelere ve b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u011fa\u00e7lara; Spirit\u00fcalizmin Kaleleri, Sekoya Abidesi [\u2026]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":35,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_flxseo_title":"","_flxseo_desc":"ABD\u2019de milli parklar\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc, Yosemite\u2019nin sesi do\u011fa yazar\u0131 John Muir\u2019in hayat\u0131 ve do\u011fa tutkusu \u00fczerine S. Serdar Yeg\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcn kaleminden bir yaz\u0131.","_flxseo_focus":"","_flxseo_noindex":false,"_flxseo_image":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-makaleler"],"lang":"tr","translations":{"tr":30},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":747,"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30\/revisions\/747"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/35"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yesilturkiyeist.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}